Introduction
When Christian people hear
about biblical theology, most of them understand this expression to mean
theology that has the Bible as its ultimate standard and source. In this sense
all theology ought to be biblical. In theology as an academic discipline, biblical
theology has a somewhat different meaning. In theology as an academic
discipline this part of the theology stands between exegesis and systematic
theology.
Exegesis is the exposition
of Scripture. Its focus is the single text or a single passage. Systematic
theology reflects on the Bible as a whole. Understanding and recapitulating
the content of the Bible is done in community with the church of all ages.
Systematic theology is always confessional in character. The doctrinal content
of the Bible is underlined.
Biblical theology focuses
on the content of biblical revelation from the view point of its unfolding in
history. The history of revelation or redemption is one of the leading
viewpoints in biblical theology as an academic discipline. Biblical theology
asks calls attention to the individual biblical witnesses and treats biblical
themes in the context of the history of revelation and redemption. The emphasis
falls on the diversity of the individual biblical witnesses within the greater
unity of the Bible as a whole.
In biblical theology the
great distinction is between theology of the Old and the New Testament. When we
speak about the theology of the Old and New Testament the underlying
presupposition is, that the writings of the Old and New Testament, although
diverse in character and each having its own accents and distinctive,
ulti-mately form a consistent and coherent unity.
At the same time I must say
that quite a lot of scholars, who have written an Old or New Testament theology,
only accept the canon for pragmatic reasons. Then we are not writing biblical
theology, but the history of religion. Actually, theology, in the strict and
real sense of the word, is only possible, when the Bible is accepted as the
infallible and inerrant Word of the living God.
I stress, that we cannot
draw exact distinctions between exegesis, biblical theology and systematic
theology. In fact, it is a spectrum and besides that, we must reckon with the
so called hermeneutical spiral. It is a great misunderstanding if we think that
exegesis and biblical theology can be done in a neutral way. The exegetes and
scholars who suggest that neutrality is possible in biblical theology are
unaware they are the most dogmatic scholars we have come across.
Finally, I state
emphatically, that biblical theology can never replace systematic theology. The
Bible as a whole confronts us with questions, which can never be solved solely
by an appeal to biblical texts. I think about ques-tions with regard to the
relationship between time and eternity and the relationship between the Creator
and his creation. That was the reason that already some years ago, Carl Truman
wrote an article with the somewhat provocative title ‘A Revolutionary
Balancing Act Or: Why our theology need to be a little less biblical?’
When theologians want to
restrict themselves to biblical theology at the expanse of systematic theology,
you always see that they have an anti-metaphysical bias. They do not want to
speak about God in himself, but only about God in his relationship to his
creatures. But this is a very important dogmatic decision with far reaching
conse-quences.
You use to see in that case,
that the narratives of the Bible are in a certain sense read as dogmatic
treatises. Because in the biblical narratives God reacts to the actions of man
in many cases, the conclusion is drawn that you cannot speak about the
immutability of God. But what actually is the case, is that the genre of
narrative is not really taken seriously. I must add that when we take the
Biblical narratives as a whole, their clear message is that God is completely
in control of all history. History is his story. The whole reality depends on
him and he himself is independent. In theology we have the term the aseitas
Dei.
Having tried to make you
aware of the limitations of biblical theology, I am convinced that studying the
content of the Bible focusing on the history of redemption and on the specific
con-tribution of each book of the Bible and each writer of the Bible to the
complete revelation, can be very fruitful.
So after these important
remarks by way of introduction, now I call your attention to two theologies of
the New Testament that were published in the last years. The first one consists
of two volumes and is written by the American New Testament scholar Ben Witherington
III. The second is written by Udo Schnelle, an outstanding German New Testament
scholar.
The Indelible Image
Witherington has given his two
volume study the title The Indelible
Image. By
means of the concept of the image of God Witherington explains the relationship
between theology and ethics in the New Testament. The first volume treats the
individual witnesses of the New Testament and the second the collective
witness. Witherington states that in quite a several of the studies of New
Testament theology, ethics are not given its due
emphasis. He wants to remedy this fault.
Witherington does not
mention it, but in former days actually no separation was made between
systematic theology and ethics. Gisbertus Voetius, the father of the Dutch
Further Reformation, can serve as a good example here. Many of the disputations
of Voetius centered around questions related to the practice of piety. The
fostering of piety was seen as the end of (systematic) theology. So
Witherington is not that new in his treatment, as he perhaps suggests.
Whiterington has a high
view of the authority and historical reliability of the New Testament. He
stresses that theology and history must not be seen as each others rival. The gospels must be seen both as theological and historical
writings. In the case of the gospel of John the word ‘theological’ must be
underlined and in the case of the synoptic gospels the words ‘writing of ‘historical’.
All four gospels are based
on what eyewitnesses saw or heard. Witherington is convinced that also in the
case of the fourth gospel, we are confronted with real history. Witherington also
defends the historical reliability of Acts. In painting the portrait of early Chris-tianity, Luke gives a selection of
the facts, but not an idealized story that is far from highly unrealistic.
It
is remarkable that in the gospels Matthew and John, both written by persons who
belonged to the circle of the Twelve, the frequency of the use of the name of
Father is much higher than in the other gospels. Among the synoptic gospels,
Matthew in this respect most closely resembles the
gospel of John.
The unity of the New Testament writings is seen in the
way they speak about the person and the work of Christ. In almost all writing
of the New Testament Jesus is called either
Lord, Christ or/and Son of God. Only in 3 John do we not find any of these
three words/expressions. But the reason is simple - its content as a letter of
exhortation and its shortness. Jesus is everywhere portrayed as the one in whom
redemption is found. He is the Savior.
Jesus himself and his activity and teaching while he
was on earth, are the fountain of the expressions of faith with regard to his
person. Witherington rightly makes this statement without denying that compared
to the self revelation of Christ when he was on earth there is in the New
Testament a further development in the pre-sentation of the person of Christ after
his exaltation and after the outpouring of the Holy Spirit.
The witness of the writers of the New Testament not
only when they record the teaching of Jesus when he was on earth, but also when
they are instructed by the resurrected and glorified Christ, confronts us with
the real Christ. We cannot make a distinction between the Christ of faith and
the Jesus of history, but only between Jesus Christ when he was on earth and
Jesus Christ as he is in heaven.
Wirtherington’s finding
that according to Paul the gospel does not annihilate the order of creation but
intensifies it, is very important. Homosexual behavior cannot be reconciled
with the bearing of the image of Christ. Homosexual orientation – just as all
sinful desires - can be seen as a result of the fall of man. Persons who have
this orientation must be called to self denial in the light of the order of
creation and the gospel of Christ and never be given the impression that
homosexuality can be allowed under certain conditions. Witherington denies that
Paul or other New Testament witnesses can be seen as defenders of the view of
sinless perfection. There are mature believers, but also a mature believer has
reasons to confess his sins and shortcomings.
According to the new perspective,
justification has only to do with the boundaries of the community of faith. It
is an ecclesiological and not a soteriological doctrine. The new perspective
denies the rightness of the view of the Reformation on justification.
Withe-rington cannot be seen as a defender of the new perspective on Paul, but
he does not sufficiently highlight the great importance of the message of
justification in Paul’s writings. Rightly he states that Paul and James do not
really contradict each other with regard to justification and faith. They each
use both the word ‘justification’ and the word ‘faith’ in different ways.
As you understand, I think that the two volumes of
Witherington are very valuable. They are goldmines full of useful information
and useful insights. Honestly I must point to what I consider as a very serious
defect, a defect that is seen again and again in the way Witherington presents
the message of the New Testament.
Witherington is a thoroughgoing Arminian. He denies
the particular nature of the atonement, although nowhere in the New Testament
it is ever said to unbelievers/persons outside the Christian church that Christ
died for them. A complete Savior is preached and must be preached to
unbelievers, both Jews and gentiles.
Not just a blessing connected with the work of Christ
(Christ died for you) but Christ himself must be presented to unbelievers. The
message that we will never be separated from the love of God in Christ, because
Christ died for us and prays for us, is a message of consolation for believers.
It makes clear to them the depth and the total character of Christ’s love for
them.
Witherington cannot give a satisfying explanation
about the sayings in the New Testament about election and predestination. Final
election depends in his view of man’s faith. But in the New Testament we read
just the reverse. This is the main reason that I bring attention to another
work in the field of New Testament Theology published within the last couple of
years.
Theology
of the New Testament
The study of Udo Schnelle, originally written in
German and translated in English, has its own defects and shortcomings, but
Schnelle makes clear that in the New Testament faith is seen as a gift of God.
Faith completely rests on God’s grace and that is the reason that the fountain
of faith is personal election. Especially in John’s gospel and the Pauline
epistles the unconditional and personal nature of election is stressed.
It is impossible for the language of election to refer
only to the election of the congregation and not the election of individuals.
It contrary to the central tenets of the witness of Paul, that the final
salvation of believers depends on his own perseverance and is not guaranteed by
the predestination and covenant loyalty of God.
The study of Schnelle can also be praised for other
reasons. The fact that the history of Jesus and his church is not treated in a
neutral way in the New Testament, does not mean that the information cannot be
seen as reliable. All writing of history is selective and is done out of a
certain perspective. Schnelle underlines that Jesus himself, while he was on
earth knew that he had a unique relationship to God and had a unique place in
the history of salvation.
I would make an even stronger statement, but as such
we can agree with Schnelle. He emphasizes the continuity between what happened
before and after Easter. He is convinced that the resurrecttion of Christ is
real history and not a myth. Schnelle has no patience with the view that
originally there was a low Christology and that a high Christology points to a later
date in development of presentation of the person of Christ.
At the same time we must say that Schnelle does not
have a very high view of Scripture. He thinks that the gospel of John can only be
accepted in a very small measure as a source of historical information. He
thinks that the Pastoral Epistles and the epistle to the Ephesians were not
written by Paul. His argument is not only the style in which these letters are
written but also their theological content are different.
He thinks that Paul cannot have written these letters,
because both the Pastoral Epistles and the letter to the Ephesians are less
charismatic than Paul’s correspondence with the Corinthians. This is a circular
argument. The emphasis on the gifts of the Spirits in the two letters to the
Corinthians is related to the problem in the congregation of Corinth. Besides
that, it is perhaps no coincidence that in later
letters this problem is not so acute.
The extra ordinary gifts of the Spirit became more and
more accidental. The differences in style can related to differences in
content. In addition, we know that Paul made use of secretaries. Perhaps he
gave them more freedom in the framing of his later letters. The fact that Schnelle
thinks that there is a real disagreement between
Paul and James, must perhaps, at least partly, related to his Lutheran
background.
With regard to his view of Scripture, we have to
prefer Witherington, but it is a remarkable that Schnelle although he has a lower
view of Scripture, does much more justice to the full
implications of the New Testament teaching of grace defending the personal and
unconditional character of God’s election. So finally, I think that we can
learn from both of them and must at the same time read their studies with
critical discernment.
Udo Schelle, Theology of the New Testament,
trans. M. Eugene Boring, Baker Academic, Grand Rapids, Michigan 2009; ISBN
978-0-8010-3604-0; hb. 910 pp.
Ben Witherington III, The Indelible Image: The
Theological and Ethical Thought World of the New Testament: Volume One. The
Individual Witnesses, IVP Academic, Downers Grove, Illinois 2009; ISBN
978-978-8308-3861-5; hb. 856 pp.
Ben Witherington III, The Indelible Image: The
Theological and Ethical Thought World of the New Testament: Volume Two. The Collective
Witness, IVP Academic, Downers Grove, Illinois 2010; ISBN
978-978-8308-3862-2; 838 pp.